Study of Neurofeedback (EEG Biofeedback) and disregulation dates back to the early 1970's. The research covers a variety of problem areas. Over 1000 studies have been produced that are related to Neurofeedback (EEG Biofeedback). A listing of these studies has been published in book form available through the AAPB (the national association of biofeedback).

The largest amount of research has been done in three areas: epilepsy, addictions, and ADD/ADHD. In all three areas, studies have been replicated, and the data collected to date provide a significant and consistent picture of the potential usefulness of Neurofeedback as a clinical modality. The studies in these three areas also include research data on the role of Neurofeedback in improving sleep regulation, depression, self-image, IQ scores, and emotional control.

The outcome data from these studies, combined with a great deal of core research has provided the basis for innovative MD's, psychiatrists, and psychologists to apply this tool clinically with a solid and safe rationale. Brainwave training is a tool for improving self-regulation, such as attention and arousal, while also producing measurable neurological change. It can assist with organization and processing of information. No negative long-term side effects have been identified with biofeedback after almost thirty years. No scientific data or explanation has ever been developed or presented that contradicts in any way the results of the studies accumulated for Neurofeedback.

The nature of Neurofeedback therapy requires the patient and therapist to be intelligently engaged so as to adjust and modify ongoing treatment, for this technique to be optimal. Analogies are educational therapy and psychotherapy. Double blind studies are uniquely appropriate for testing drug effectiveness - but are not as well suited for multi-variate problems. For Neurofeedback therapy, the controlled outcome studies are the most appropriate method to determine efficacy. Additional controlled studies are currently under way - however, funding sources are limited. Some of the existing outcome studies have done a good job of ruling out placebo or other non-controlled effects.

Many of the other clinical applications - including therapy for PMS, brain injury and strokes, chronic pain, Tourette's Syndrome, migraines, and other emotional disorders are clinical extensions of the work that has already been done. Improvements in these conditions were often reported and recorded in existing studies for patients with comorbidity. In most cases, these outcomes were unexpected, and thus were simply reported. Many of the new clinical applications were developed as a byproduct of treating addiction, epilepsy, and ADD. Some research for these new applications is ongoing, but more formal research needs to be done. However, clinicians are finding that improvement in self-regulation affects a broad range of problems. Because of the safety involved, the relative low cost of the therapy and the ease of determining clinical results, clinicians are extending the use of this tool in improving self-regulation as it relates to other dysfunctions.

Scientific articles on Neuro Feedback. More can be found on www.snr-jnt.org

CONTENTS

Articles related to neurofeedback's effectiveness for Addiction and Alcoholism

Journal Articles on Neurofeedback Improving Cognitive Function

Journal Articles on Neurofeedback's Effectiveness for ADHD

General and Background Articles

Journal Articles on Neurofeedback's Impact on Epilepsy

Head Injury, Stroke and Other Conditions

Additional Related Journal Articles (e.g. Learning Disabilities)

Books

Dissertations

Selected Conditions also Treated

Articles related to neurofeedback's effectiveness for Addiction and Alcoholism

Fahrion, Steven L.; Walters, E. Dale; Coyne, Lolafaye; Allen, Thomas.
Alterations in EEG amplitude, personality factors, and brain electrical mapping after alpha-theta brainwave training: A controlled case study of an alcoholic in recovery.
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 1992 Jun, v16 (n3):547-552.

Peniston, E.G. & Kulkosky, P.J. (1989 March/April).
Alpha-Theta Brainwave Training and Endorphin Levels of Alcoholics.
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13(2), pp. 271-279

Peniston, E.G. & Kulkosky, P.J. (1990)
Alcoholic Personality and Alpha-Theta Brainwave Training
Medical Psychotherapy 3, pp. 37-55

Trudeau D.L. (2000).
The treatment of addictive disorders by brain wave biofeedback: a review and suggestions for future research.
Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):13-22.

Wuttke, A.M. (1992 June)
Addiction, Awakening and EEG Biofeedback
Biofeedback, Volume 20, Number 2

Journal Articles on Neurofeedback Improving Cognitive Function

Rasey H, Lubar JF, McIntyre A, Zoffuto A, and Abbott PL. (1996).
EEG Biofeedback for the Enhancement of Attentional Processing in Normal College Students.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1 (3).

Kaiser DA and Othmer S (2001).
Effect of Neurofeedback on Variables of Attention in a Large Multicenter Trial.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 4 (1), 5-15.

Thornton K. (2000).
Improvement/rehabilitation of memory functioning with neurotherapy/QEEG biofeedback.
J Head Trauma Rehabil. 15(6):1285-96.

Journal Articles on Neurofeedback's Effectiveness for ADHD

Carmody DP, Radvanski, DC, Wadhwani S, Sabo MJ, and Vergara L (2001).
EEG Biofeedback Training and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in an
elementary school setting, Journal of Neurotherapy, 4 (3), 5-28.

Nash JK. (2000).
Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with neurotherapy.
Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):30-7.

Linden, Michael; Gevirtz, Richard; Isenhart, Robert; Fisher, Todd. (1996).
Event related potential of subgroups of children with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder and the implications for EEG biofeedback.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 40-49.

Plude, David B. (1996).
New technology: A biological understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its treatment. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 10-14.

Wolraich, Mark L.; Baumgaertel, Anna. (1997).
The practical aspects of diagnosing and managing children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pediatrics, 36, 497-504.

Alhambra, Marabella A., Fowler, Timothy P., and Alhambra, Antonio A. (1995).
EEG Biofeedback: A New Treatment Option for ADD/ADHD,
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1(1), 39-43

Linden M, Habib T, Radojevic V. (1996)
A controlled study of the effects of EEG biofeedback on cognition and behavior of children with attention deficit disorder and learning disabilities. Biofeedback Self Regul 21(1), 35-49

Lubar, Joel F.; Swartwood, Michie Odle; Swartwood, Jeffery N.; O'Donnell, Phyllis H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in T.O.V.A. scores, behavioral ratings, and WISC-R
performance. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1995 Mar, v20 (n1):83-99

Lubar, Joel F.
Electroencephalographic biofeedback and neurological applications.
IN: Biofeedback : Principles and practice for clinicians (3rd ed.).
(John V. Basmajian, Ed.), Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD, US, 1989. 67-90 of xiii, 396 pp.

Lubar, Judith O.; Lubar, Joel F. (1984).
Electroencephalographic biofeedback of SMR and beta for treatment of attention
deficit\ disorders in a clinical setting. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1984 Mar, v9 (n1):1-23.

Lubar, Joel F.
Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1991 Sep, v16 (n3):201-225.

Lubar JF, & Shouse MN (1976).
EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the
sensorimotor rhythm (SMR): a preliminary report. Biofeedback Self Regul 1(3), 293-306.

Rossiter, TR & La Vaque, TJ (1995).
A Comparison of EEG Biofeedback and Psychostimulants in Treating Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 48-59

Shouse MN, & Lubar, Joel F. (1979).
Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis.
Biofeedback Self Regul 4(4), 299-312.

Shouse MN, & Lubar, Joel F. (1978).
Physiological basis of hyperkinesis treated with methylphenidate. Pediatrics 62(3), 343-351.

Sterman, MB (1996).
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic activities: implications for self-regulation. Biofeedback Self Regul 1996 Mar;21(1):3-33.

Tan G, 1997
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacotherapy and beyond.
Postgrad Med 101(5), 201-204 (1997).

Tansey, Michael A.; Bruner, Richard L.
EMG and EEG biofeedback training in the treatment of a 10-year-old hyperactive boy with a developmental reading disorder. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1983 Mar, v8 (n1):25-37.

Tansey, Michael A.
EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training: Some effects on the neurologic precursors of learning disabilities.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1984 Feb, v1 (n2):163-177.

Tansey, Michael A.
Righting the rhythms of reason: EEG biofeedback training as a therapeutic modality in a clinical office setting. Medical Psychotherapy: An International Journal, 1990, v3:57-68.

Tansey, Michael A.
Ten-year stability of EEG biofeedback results for a hyperactive boy who failed fourth grade perceptually impaired class. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1993 Mar, v18 (n1):33-44.

General and Background Articles

Duffy FH. (2000).
The state of EEG biofeedback therapy (EEG operant conditioning) in 2000: an editor's opinion.
Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):V-VII.

Lubar JF. (1997).
Neocortical dynamics: implications for understanding the role of neurofeedback and related techniques for the enhancement of attention.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 22(2):111-26.

Norris SL. (1995).
Neurofeedback: One instrument in the orchestra.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 74-76.

Abarbanel, A. (1995).
Gates, States, Rhythms, and Resonances: The Scientific Basis of Neurofeedback Training Journal of Neurotherapy, Vol 1, No 2, Fall, 1995, 15-38.

Andrasik, Frank; Attanasio, Virginia.
Biofeedback in pediatrics: Current status and appraisal.
Advances in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1985, v6:241-286.

Janzen, Troy; Graap, Ken; Stephanson, Stephan; Marshall, Wilma; and
others.
Differences in baseline EEG measures for ADD and normally
achieving preadolescent males.
Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1995 Mar, v20 (n1):65-82.

Sterman MB (1989).
Future perspectives for applied\ psychophysiology and biofeedback.
Biofeedback Self Regul 1989 Jun;14(2):83-88.

Sterman, MB (1996).
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic activities: Implications for self-regulation.
Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 21, 3-33.
(Sterman reviews 82 articles, published 1927-1995, on the neurophysiological and functional bases of EEG characteristics and the clinical use of EEG in self-regulation.)

Journal Articles on Neurofeedback's Impact on Epilepsy

Sterman MB. (2000).
Basic concepts and clinical findings in the treatment of seizure disorders with EEG operant conditioning. Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):45-55.

Swingle PG. (1998).
Neurofeedback treatment of pseudoseizure disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 44(11):1196-9.

(EEG biofeedback was first applied to epilepsy, and only later was it applied to the motoric component of ADHD. Very quickly it was realized that attentional deficits also responded to training.)

Finley, William W.; Smith, Hoyt A.; Etherton, Murray D.
Reduction of seizures and normalization of the EEG in a severe
epileptic following sensorimotor biofeedback training:Preliminary study.
Biological Psychology, 1975, v2 (n3):189-203.

Finley, William W.
Operant conditioning of the EEG in two patients with epilepsy: Methodologic and clinical considerations. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1977 Apr-Jun, v12 (n2):93-111.

Kuhlman, William N.
EEG feedback training of epileptic patients: Clinical and electroencephalographic analysis.
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 1978 Dec, v45 (n6):699-710.

Kuhlman, William N.
EEG feedback training: Enhancement of somatosensory cortical activity.
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 1978 Aug, v45 (n2):290-294.

Kuhlman, William N.; Klieger, Douglas M. Alpha enhancement:
Effectiveness of two feedback contingencies relative to a resting
baseline. Psychophysiology, 1975 Jul, v12 (n4):456-460.

Kuhlman, W. N.; Allison, T.
EEG feedback training in the treatment of epilepsy: Some questions and some answers.
Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1977 Apr-Jun, v12 (n2):112-122.

Lantz DL, Sterman MB (1988).
Neuropsychological assessment of subjects with uncontrolled epilepsy: effects of EEG
feedback training. Epilepsia 1988 Mar;29(2):163-171.

Lantz, Delee; Sterman, M. B.
Neuropsychological prediction and outcome measures in relation to EEG feedback training for the treatment of epilepsy.
IN: The neuropsychology of epilepsy. Critical issues in neuropsychology.; Thomas L. Bennett, Ed. Plenum Press, New York, NY, US, 1992. 213-231 of xx, 316 pp.

Lubar, Joel F.
Electroencephalographic biofeedback methodology and the management of epilepsy. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1977 Jul-Sep, v12 (n3):147-185.

Lubar JF, Bahler WW. (1976).
Behavioral management of epileptic seizures following EEG biofeedback training of thesensorimotor rhythm. Biofeedback Self Regul 1976 Mar;1(1):77-104.

Lubar JF, Shabsin HS, Natelson SE, Holder GS, Whitsett SF, Pamplin WE, Krulikowski DI. EEG operant conditioning in intractable epileptics. Arch Neurol 1981 Nov;38(11):700-704.

Sterman, M. B.
Sensorimotor EEG feedback training in the study and treatment of epilepsy.
IN: The neurobehavioral treatment of epilepsy.; David I. Mostofsky, Yngve Loyning, Eds. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ, US, 1993. 1-17 of ix, 350 pp.

Sterman, MB; Goodman, S. J.; Kovalesky, R. A.
Effects of sensorimotor EEG feedback training on seizure susceptibility in the
rhesus monkey. Experimental Neurology, 1978 Dec, v62 (n3):735-747.

Sterman, MB; Friar, L.
Suppression of seizures in an epileptic following sensorimotor EEG feedback training.
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 1972 Jul, v33 (n1):89-95.

Sterman, MB; Macdonald, L. R.; Stone, R. K.
Biofeedback training of the sensorimotor electroencephalogram rhythm in man: Effects on epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1974 Sep, v15 (n3):395-416.

Sterman MB, 1981.
EEG biofeedback: physiological behavior modification. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5(3), 405-412.

Sterman, M. B.
Neurophysiologic and clinical studies of sensorimotor EEG biofeedback training: Some effects on epilepsy. Seminars in Psychiatry, 1973 Nov, v5 (n4):507-525.

Sterman, M. B.
Sensorimotor EEG operant conditioning: Experimental and clinical effects.
Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1977 Apr-Jun, v12 (n2):63-92.

Tansey, Michael A.
The response of a case of petit mal epilepsy to EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1985 Nov, v3 (n2):81-84.

Tozzo, Carmen A.; Elfner, Lloyd F.; May, Jack G.
EEG biofeedback and relaxation training in the control of epileptic seizures.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1988 Aug, v6 (n3):185-194.

Whitsett SF, Lubar JF, Holder GS, Pamplin WE, Shabsin HS.
A double-blind investigation of the relationship between seizure
activity and the sleep EEG following EEG biofeedback training.
Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 1982 Jun, v7 (n2):193-209.

Head Injury, Stroke and Other Conditions

Ayers, M.E. (1981)
A report on a study of the utilization of EEG for the treatment of cerebral vascular lesion syndromes.
IN: Electromyometric Biofeedback Therapy by Taylor, L.P., Ayers, M.E. and Tom, G.
Chap. 7, pp. 244-257

Ayers, M.E. (1983)
EEG feedback and head trauma.
IN: Head and neck trauma: the latest information and perspectives on patients with less than optimal recovery. UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute

Ayers, M.E. (1987)
EEG feedback and closed head injury of 250 individuals
IN: National head injury foundation syllabus, Head Injury Frontiers

Ayers, M.E. (1988)
Long term clinical treatment followup of EEG feedback for epilepsy.
Epilepsy support program newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 2

Tinius TP and Tinius KA (2001)
Changes after EEG biofeedback and cognitive retraining in adults with mild traumatic brain injury and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4 (2), 27-44.

Thatcher RW. (2000).
EEG operant conditioning (biofeedback) and traumatic brain injury.
Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):38-44.

Rozelle GR, Budzynski TH.
Neurotherapy for stroke rehabilitation: a single case study.
Biofeedback Self Regul 1995 Sep;20(3):211-228

Rosenfeld JP. (2000).
An EEG biofeedback protocol for affective disorders. Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):7-12.

Gruzelier J. (2000).
Self regulation of electrocortical activity in schizophrenia and schizotypy: a review.
Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):23-9.

Moore NC. (2000).
A review of EEG biofeedback treatment of anxiety disorders.
Clin Electroencephalogr. 31(1):1-6.

Hardman E, Gruzelier J, Cheesman K, Jones C, Liddiard D, Schleichert H, Birbaumer N. (1997).
Frontal interhemispheric asymmetry: self regulation and individual differences in humans.
Neurosci Lett. 221(2-3):117-20.

Rosenfeld JP, Baehr E, Baehr R, Gotlib IH, Ranganath C. (1996).
Preliminary evidence that daily changes in frontal alpha asymmetry correlate with changes in affect in therapy sessions. Int J Psychophysiol. 23(1-2):137-41.

Wing K. (2001)
Effect of neurofeedback on motor recovery of a patient with brain injury: a case study and its implications for stroke rehabilitation. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2001 Autumn;8(3):45-53.

Additional Related Journal Articles (e.g. Learning Disabilities)

Arnold, L. Eugene.
Some nontraditional (unconventional and/or innovative) psychosocial treatment for children and adolescents: Critique and proposed screening principles.
Special Issue: Psychosocial treatment research.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1995 Feb, v23 (n1):125-140.

Fehmi, Lester G.; Sundor, Adam.
The effects of electrode placement upon EEG biofeedback training: The monopolar bipolar controversy.
Special Issue:Biofeedback and diagnostic techniques. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 1989, v36 (n1-4):23-33.

Fehmi, Les.
Biofeedback assisted attention training: Open Focus Workshop.
Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 1987 Spring, v5 (n1):47-49.

Lubar, Joel F.; Culver, Renee M.
Automated EEG signal-detection methodologies for biofeedback conditioning.
Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 1978 Oct, v10 (n5):607-616.

Lubar, Joel F.
EEG biofeedback and learning disabilities. Theory into Practice, 1985 Spring, v24 (n2):106-111.

Seifert, A. R.; Lubar, J. F.
Reduction of epileptic seizures through EEG biofeedback training.
Biological Psychology, 1975 Nov, v3 (n3):157-184.

Sterman, M. B.; Goodman, S. J.; Kovalesky, R. A.
Effects of sensorimotor EEG feedback training on seizure susceptibility in the rhesus monkey. Experimental Neurology, 1978 Dec, v62 (n3):735-747.

Tansey, Michael A. A simple and a complex tic (Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome):Their response to EEG
sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1986 Jul, v4 (n2):91-97.

Tansey, Michael A.
The response of a case of petit mal epilepsy to EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1985 Nov, v3 (n2):81-84.

Tansey, Michael A.
Brainwave signatures--an index reflective of the brain's functional neuroanatomy: Further findings on the effect of EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training on the neurologic precursors of learning disabilities. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1985 Nov, v3 (n2):85-99.

Tansey, Michael A.
Wechsler (WISC--R) changes following treatment of learning disabilities via EEG biofeedback training in a private practice setting. Australian Journal of Psychology, 1991 Dec, v43 (n3):147-153.

Wyler, Allen R.; Lockard, Joan S.; Ward, Arthur A.; Finch, Carin A.
Conditioned EEG desynchronization and seizure occurrence in patients. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 1976 Nov, v41 (n5):501-512.

Wyler, Allen R.
Operant conditioning of epileptic neurons in monkeys and its theoretical application to EEG operant conditioning in humans. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1977 Jul-Sep, v12 (n3):130-146.

Books

Andreassi, John L.
Psychophysiology: Human behavior and physiological response (3rd ed.).
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; Hillsdale, NJ, US, 1995. xii, 388 pp.

Reynolds, Cecil R., ed.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine, ed. (1997).
Handbook of clinical child neuropsychology (2nd ed.).
Plenum Press; New York, NY, US, xvi, 746 pp.

Surwillo, Walter W.
Psychophysiology for clinical psychologists.
Ablex Publishing Corp; Norwood, NJ, US, 1990. xi, 174 pp.

Dissertations

Bell, Corinne R.
An investigation of the remediation of learning disabilities utilizing EEG biofeedback as measured by neuropsychological and psychoeducational tests, and EEG spectral
analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1986 Mar, v46 (n9-B):3235-3236.

Kaplan, Bonnie J.
EEG biofeedback and epilepsy. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1974 Aug, v35 (n2-B):1082.

Krause, Thomas R.
Psychophysiological changes in hyperactive and normal children as a function of medication and biofeedback training. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978 Jun, v38 (n12-B):6219.

Kuhlman, William N.
EEG feedback training of epileptic patients: Clinical and electroencephalographic analysis.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977 Jun, v37 (n12-B, Pt 2):6395-6396.

Levi, Alexander H.
EEG biofeedback and its effects on psychological functioning.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 1976 Jan, v36 (n7-B):3614.

Matteson, J. Harold.
A comparison of two feedback encephalography training programs (with self-regulation strategies) upon selected physiological, psychological, and motor performance
correlates of arousal and attention. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1981 Dec, v42 (n6-B):2590-2591.

Parziale, Jeffrey L.
The effects of EEG biofeedback training on the behavior of hyperactive children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1982 Sep, v43 (n3-B):881-882. Parziale, Jeffrey L. (n3-B):881-882.

Seifert, Alvin R.
Reduction of seizures in refractory epileptic patients through EEG biofeedback training.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975 Sep, v36 (n3-B):1481.

Shouse, Margaret N.
The role of CNS arousal levels in the management of hyperkinesis: Methylphenidate and EEG biofeedback training. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977 Feb, v37 (n8-B):4206-4207.

Selected Conditions also Treated

Packard, Russell C.; Ham, Lesley P. (1996).
EEG biofeedback in the treatment of Lyme disease: A case study.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 22-31.

Quirk, Douglas A. (1995).
Composite biofeedback conditioning and dangerous offenders: III.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 44-54.

Brown, Valdeane W. (1995).
Neurofeedback and Lyme's disease: A clinical application of the
Five Phase Model of CNS Functional Transformation and integration.
Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 60-73.

Packard, Russell C.; Ham, Lesley P. (1997).
EEG biofeedback for post-traumatic headache and cognitive
dysfunction: A pilot study.
Headache Quarterly, 8, 348-352.